Martyrs' Day or Shaheed Diwas is commemorated on various dates in India. March 23 is specifically remembered as the day when three valiant freedom fighters—Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar—were executed by the British. Additionally, January 30th is observed as Martyrs' Day or Shaheed Diwas in remembrance of Mahatma Gandhi.

Major Observances of Shaheed Diwas:

1. January 30 – Martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi
   This day commemorates the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of India's nonviolent independence movement, on January 30, 1948. Gandhi was shot by Nathuram Godse while on his way to a prayer meeting in Delhi. Since then, January 30 has been observed as Shaheed Diwas to honor Gandhi’s commitment to peace, nonviolence, and selfless service.

   • How it is observed:
     On January 30, the President, Prime Minister, and other high-ranking officials gather at Raj Ghat, the memorial site of Mahatma Gandhi in New Delhi, to pay their respects. A two-minute silence is observed across the country at 11:00 AM to honor Gandhi and other martyrs who fought for India's freedom. Ceremonies are also held in various schools and institutions to remember Gandhi’s ideals and values.

2. March 23 – Martyrdom of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev
   March 23 is another significant Shaheed Diwas in India, which commemorates the execution of Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar on March 23, 1931. These three revolutionary heroes were hanged by the British colonial authorities for their involvement in the freedom struggle, particularly their role in the assassination of British police officer J.P. Saunders to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.

   • How it is observed:
     On this day, people across India, especially in Punjab and other northern states, remember the bravery and patriotism of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev. Schools, colleges, and cultural organizations organize programs to educate the younger generation about their sacrifices. Special tributes are paid at Hussainiwala near the India-Pakistan border, where the bodies of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were cremated.

3. November 17 – Martyrdom of Lala Lajpat Rai
   November 17 is observed as Shaheed Diwas to remember the sacrifice of Lala Lajpat Rai, a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement. He was severely injured during a protest against the Simon Commission in 1928 and later succumbed to his injuries. His death inspired Bhagat Singh and his associates to take up arms against British oppression.

   • How it is observed:
     On this day, various schools and political organizations commemorate Lala Lajpat Rai's contribution to India’s freedom struggle. His role in inspiring youth to join the movement is highlighted, and cultural programs are held in his honor.

Importance of Shaheed Diwas

• Remembering Sacrifices: Shaheed Diwas is a day to pay homage to those who made the ultimate sacrifice in the fight for India’s freedom from British colonial rule. It reminds citizens of the immense price that was paid for the country’s independence.

• Inspiring Patriotism: The observance of these days serves to inspire patriotism, especially among the younger generations. It fosters a sense of pride and encourages people to reflect on the sacrifices of freedom fighters and to contribute to the nation's development.

• Promoting Non-Violence and Selflessness: On January 30, the principles of Mahatma Gandhi, especially his advocacy of non-violence (ahimsa) and truth (satyagraha), are highlighted. His teachings continue to influence movements for social justice and human rights worldwide.

Observance Traditions

1. Wreath-Laying Ceremonies: Across India, state officials, military personnel, and citizens lay wreaths at the memorials of martyrs.

2. Two-Minute Silence: On January 30, a two-minute silence is observed nationwide at 11:00 AM to honor all who died for the country.

3. Educational Programs: Schools and colleges organize plays, debates, essay competitions, and talks focused on the lives of freedom fighters to instill a sense of national pride and awareness of the sacrifices made for independence.

4. Public Tributes: Cultural programs, candlelight vigils, and exhibitions are also organized to educate the public about the nation's struggle for freedom and the stories of various martyrs.

Major Figures Honored on Shaheed Diwas:

• Mahatma Gandhi: The father of the nation, known for his nonviolent struggle for India's independence.
• Bhagat Singh: A revolutionary socialist who became a symbol of resistance against British rule.
• Rajguru and Sukhdev: Fellow freedom fighters who worked alongside Bhagat Singh to challenge colonial rule.
• Lala Lajpat Rai: A leader who inspired youth to join the independence movement and fought tirelessly for India's freedom.

Conclusion

Shaheed Diwas is an occasion to remember and honor the brave individuals who fought and sacrificed their lives for India’s freedom. It is not only a time to reflect on their courage but also a reminder to carry forward their ideals of patriotism, selflessness, and commitment to national unity.